Mongolia's most iconic instrument is undoubtedly the Morin Khuur, or horse-headed fiddle. This distinctive violin features a square body, a long straight neck that curves upward at the end, and is crowned with an intricately carved horse head. The instrument is designed to embody the movement and sonority of the horse itself.

Every Mongolian family strives to own a Morin Khuur, despite their considerable cost—each is handcrafted by skilled artisans. Historically, the instrument evolved from a simple ladle used to serve airag, over which strings were stretched. In those early days, it was called "Shanagan khuur," named after the shanaga ladle itself. Over time, the body transformed into a trapezoidal shape, and master sculptors who popularized the instrument began adorning it with elaborate decorative carvings. The horse's head, symbolizing an animal deeply revered throughout Mongolia, eventually crowned the top of the neck, prompting the name change to Morin Khuur. Twelve animals are carved along the neck, representing the twelve-year cycle of the lunar calendar.

The Morin Khuur comprises two strings and a bow crafted from horsehair. While the instrument's upper section is traditionally crowned by a horse's head, the body may also feature carvings of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats—all symbols of wealth and abundance in Mongolian culture.

The Morin Khuur stands as the supreme instrument for accompanying both long and short traditional vocal pieces and biyelgee, Mongolia's classical dance form. Years ago, Mongolia's president declared "the Morin Khuur is our National instrument," prompting the government to establish the Horse-Headed Fiddle Orchestra. During the 13th century, such orchestras achieved considerable prominence in Mongolia. Today, Mongolian musicians continue to employ the horse-headed fiddle during Naadam, Tsagaan Sar celebrations, grand wedding ceremonies, and other significant cultural events.